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Aberdeen Poorhouses
Like most cities and towns across Scotland, Aberdeen and its twin city of Old Aberdeen had Poorhouses to complement the provision for the poor and need provided by the Church, the merchants and the Trades. A Poor Hospital was founded in 1741. This replaced the "Correction House" dating from the 1636/7 〔See George A. Mackay, and Ninian Macwhannell, Management and Construction of Poorhouses and Almshouses : Containing Model Plans of a Poorhouse and of Almshouses Designed by Ninian Macwhannell, F.R.I.B.A., I.A., Glasgow, and Specimen Plans of Existing Poorhouse Buildings by Different Architects (Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons, 1908), pp. xii, 10, 267 p., 19 leaves of plates.; for details of Glasgow Poorhouses.〕
==The House of Correction==
A workhouse or what was known as a House of Correction was founded on the initiative of Provost Jaffrey from a patent granted by Charles I in 1636/7 for vagrants and delinquents, giving lodging and employment for those connected with the Cloth Trade.〔See William Kennedy, Annals of Aberdeen, from the Reign of King William the Lion, to the End of the Year 1818 (London: (), 1818), pp. 2 Vols; V1 - pp257-258; and, Aberdeen (Scotland). Burgh Council., John Stuart, and Scottish Burgh Records Society., Extracts from the Council Register of the Burgh of Aberdeen. 1625-1642 (Edinburgh: Printed for the Scottish Burgh Records Society, 1871) pp 106-111.〕 The building, in what is now Correction Wynd (NJ 94107 06250) adjacent to Union Street, was built at a cost of 2000 merks. The record of the Council decision, dated 8 February 1637 is as follows: “ …ane correctioun hous salbe erected within the same burghe, and the tred of making of bredcloath, carseyis, seyis, … for advancing the wertew and suppressing the vyce amongst the commons…” 〔“breadcloath” = wide or broad cloth.〕
The Council laid down a very detailed plan for the funding, the building of the poorhouse and drew a wide group of likely beneficiaries: “ …all vagabonds, strong and sturdie beggares, idle and maisterles persones strong in bodie and habill to work, servants disobedient to maisteris, children disobedient to parentis, leud leivars, pyikers, commoun scoldis, and wncorrigible harlottis, not amending be the discipline of the kirk, …” The work ethic was “srtrict Puritan” with: “…ane habill man to attend the saids prisoneris, and hald thame at wark, and to cans ane of his sei-vands evcrie Sabboth day reid jiraycris unto thame…” 〔details are on pp 106 to 111 in Kennedy op cit.〕 The facility catered for 20 “…vagabonds, strong and sturdie beggares…(etc)..” and 10 “obstinate sinners” set to “soul cleansing work”.〔See E. Patricia Dennison, David Ditchburn, and Michael Lynch, Aberdeen before 1800 : A New History (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2002), pp. xxviii, 515 p., () p. of plates; p 64〕 The cloth work and the punishing regime was abandoned in 1711. Almost certainly as gthe trade in cloth had declined and there was not sufficient benefit to the merchants. From the account of the Council it would appear that the hospital/ poorhouse/ “prison” served a dual purpose: first, it provided some care of the poor and needy in a secure institution; second, it allowed merchants and tradesmen access to cheap labour. It is likely that the merchants needs were greater than the needs of the poor. Conditions in similar “houses of correction” elsewhere in the country were also notoriously harsh.〔See http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Edinburgh/ for a summary of Edinburgh Poorhouses; and http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Glasgow/ for Glasgow. Aberdeen Poorhouses are listed in http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Aberdeen/〕
The treatment of the poor unwilling to work and those willing to work was often identical.〔See House of correction〕 Courts of law often used such establishments to punish what was then considered “criminal” acts. (Aberdeen) “….30th August, 1640…. The same day … Agnes Hay, guilty of fornication with William Ross, soldier, under promise of marriage, and bands proclaimed, was ordered to be carried to the correction-house, and, on Saturday next, to be taken to the cross, and set in the branks, having her head clipped; and to make her repentance on Sunday : and to be conveyed back to the correction-house, where she was to remain during the pleasure of the session……” It appears that Christian Charity may have been a secondary consideration in the setting up of this Poorhouse in the seventeenth century.〔Nineteenth century social reformers often refer back to this period in putting forward arguments for a fair and Christian approach to care for the poor. See, G. W. Quinby, The Gallows, the Prison, and the Poor-House a Plea for Humanity : Showing the Demands of Christianity in Behalf of the Criminal and Perishing Classes (Cincinnati: G.W. Quinby, 1856), pp326 .〕
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